で is used to mark a location with verbs that involve action. For example, 遊ぶ、読む、待つ
に is used to mark a location with verbs that involve existance. いる、ある、存在する
As a rare exception, with some verbs the result is a place that became a place where you could exist, に may still be used. For example 無人島に小屋を作る。
Thursday, July 9, 2009
を格
を has three basic functions. Firstly marking the object of transitive verbs, secondly marking the space or point of passage through which movement occurs and thirdly marking the point of origination of movement.
Verbs used in the second function may be 渡る、通る、歩く.
Verbs used in the third function may include 出る、降りる、発つ
Verbs used in the second function may be 渡る、通る、歩く.
Verbs used in the third function may include 出る、降りる、発つ
Monday, July 6, 2009
～はおろか・not to mention
～は当然として（されに～も）・～は普通としても
AはおろかB means "A of course, but B as well". The second clause describes a negative situation or circumstance, typically using 「無い・～ない・少ない」. Emphasises difference in nuance by citing normal-level A, followed by the less significant B.
（１） 彼の部屋には、エアコンはあろか、扇風機もなかった。
In his room, he doesn't have air conditioning nor even a fan.
（２）こんな成績では進学はあろか、卒業だって危ない。
With this rank his going to another school and even his graduation are at risk.
（３）腰が痛くて、歩くのはあろか、座るのもつらい。
My back aches and not only walking but even sitting hurts.
（４）この地球上には、電気、ガスはあろか、水道さえない生活をしている人々がまだまだたくさんいる。
On this plant, there are a lot of people carrying on their life not only with out electricity or gas but even without running water.
AはおろかB means "A of course, but B as well". The second clause describes a negative situation or circumstance, typically using 「無い・～ない・少ない」. Emphasises difference in nuance by citing normal-level A, followed by the less significant B.
（１） 彼の部屋には、エアコンはあろか、扇風機もなかった。
In his room, he doesn't have air conditioning nor even a fan.
（２）こんな成績では進学はあろか、卒業だって危ない。
With this rank his going to another school and even his graduation are at risk.
（３）腰が痛くて、歩くのはあろか、座るのもつらい。
My back aches and not only walking but even sitting hurts.
（４）この地球上には、電気、ガスはあろか、水道さえない生活をしている人々がまだまだたくさんいる。
On this plant, there are a lot of people carrying on their life not only with out electricity or gas but even without running water.
～にもまして more than
～以上に
Although one thing is true, something else is even more so. In the form "interrogative + にもまして"
it means "more than anything", "more than anyone" or "more than one time".
Means "...is usually true for..., but...is even more ...". Expresses a further increase in amount or degree of some unusual characteristic.
（１）彼女の一言は、何にもまして私を勇気づけてくれました。
Her words more than anything gave me courage.
（２）足の痛みは、以前にもましてひどくなり、ついに手術をすることになった。
The pain in my foot, more than before has got worse and finally I decided to have surgery.
（３）木村さん、今日はデートがあるらしく、普段にもまして化粧が濃い。
Kimura-san, it looks like you have a date today, your make up is much thicker than normal.
（４）今年の港祭りは、例年にもまして賑わっている。
This year the port festival is, more than normal years, buzzing.
（５）林さん、何かいいことがあったみたいで、今日はいつにもまして陽気だ。
It looks like something good has happened to Kobayashi-san and today more than normal they are really cheerful.
Although one thing is true, something else is even more so. In the form "interrogative + にもまして"
it means "more than anything", "more than anyone" or "more than one time".
Means "...is usually true for..., but...is even more ...". Expresses a further increase in amount or degree of some unusual characteristic.
（１）彼女の一言は、何にもまして私を勇気づけてくれました。
Her words more than anything gave me courage.
（２）足の痛みは、以前にもましてひどくなり、ついに手術をすることになった。
The pain in my foot, more than before has got worse and finally I decided to have surgery.
（３）木村さん、今日はデートがあるらしく、普段にもまして化粧が濃い。
Kimura-san, it looks like you have a date today, your make up is much thicker than normal.
（４）今年の港祭りは、例年にもまして賑わっている。
This year the port festival is, more than normal years, buzzing.
（５）林さん、何かいいことがあったみたいで、今日はいつにもまして陽気だ。
It looks like something good has happened to Kobayashi-san and today more than normal they are really cheerful.
～にひきかえ in contrast to
～とは反対に・とは大きく変わって
Expression that takes two things with contrastive qualities and compares them. Used to make a comparison in which one thing is taken as a plus and the other a minus in order to make a statement that says "in contrast with and opposite to A, B is...". Often implies a certain dissatisfaction with the negatively-evaluated object, and so therefore constitutes criticism or complaint.
Subjective feelings about something directly opposite or vastly different from what comes before pattern. Form にたいして objectively contrasts what comes before and after pattern from an interim position.
（１）まじめで無口な兄にひきかえ、弟の方は落ち着きがなく、いつもふざけてばかりいる。
In contrast to my serious and reticent older brother, my youunger brother is never calm and always playing around.
（２）スポーツや芸術では、国際的に活躍する日本人も多い。それにひきかえ、日本の政治家ノレベルはあまり低すぎる。
There are a lot of internationally active Japanese in the field of sports and entertainment. In contrast Japanese politicians rank is just too low.
（３）兄は節約家のにひきかえ、弟は本当に浪費家だ。
In contrast to my frugal older brother, my younger brother is a spendthrift.
Expression that takes two things with contrastive qualities and compares them. Used to make a comparison in which one thing is taken as a plus and the other a minus in order to make a statement that says "in contrast with and opposite to A, B is...". Often implies a certain dissatisfaction with the negatively-evaluated object, and so therefore constitutes criticism or complaint.
Subjective feelings about something directly opposite or vastly different from what comes before pattern. Form にたいして objectively contrasts what comes before and after pattern from an interim position.
（１）まじめで無口な兄にひきかえ、弟の方は落ち着きがなく、いつもふざけてばかりいる。
In contrast to my serious and reticent older brother, my youunger brother is never calm and always playing around.
（２）スポーツや芸術では、国際的に活躍する日本人も多い。それにひきかえ、日本の政治家ノレベルはあまり低すぎる。
There are a lot of internationally active Japanese in the field of sports and entertainment. In contrast Japanese politicians rank is just too low.
（３）兄は節約家のにひきかえ、弟は本当に浪費家だ。
In contrast to my frugal older brother, my younger brother is a spendthrift.
Sunday, July 5, 2009
～ないまでも・can't go as far as; even if can't go as far as to
～まではできないが・～まではできなくても・～ないにしても・～ないとしても
This expression means "even if (some level of satisfaction/fulfillment) is not attained". The second clause expresses the minimum level that would satisfy the speaker.
Even if something can't attain a certain level, at least is attaining slightly lower level. Nuance of "at least" or "at the minimum".
（１）毎年とは言わないまでも、たまには海外旅行に行きたい。
（２）快適とは言えないまでも、２，３週間滞在するには十分な部屋だった。
（３）半額とはいかないまでも、せめて３割引くらいにしてほしい。
（４）その本を読めば、答えは見つからないまでも、何かヒントは得られるはずです。
（５）損をしないまでも、儲けは殆んどなかった。
This expression means "even if (some level of satisfaction/fulfillment) is not attained". The second clause expresses the minimum level that would satisfy the speaker.
Even if something can't attain a certain level, at least is attaining slightly lower level. Nuance of "at least" or "at the minimum".
（１）毎年とは言わないまでも、たまには海外旅行に行きたい。
（２）快適とは言えないまでも、２，３週間滞在するには十分な部屋だった。
（３）半額とはいかないまでも、せめて３割引くらいにしてほしい。
（４）その本を読めば、答えは見つからないまでも、何かヒントは得られるはずです。
（５）損をしないまでも、儲けは殆んどなかった。
ただ～のみ・ただ～ばかり・～のみならず; just only/not only
ただ～のみ・ただ～ばかり＝ただ～だけ
（ただ）～のみならず＝ただ～だけでなく
The first two expressions mean "just/only~" and that there is nothing else involved. They are used to emphasise a situation where all the focus is on one point only.
The third expression means "not only~" and expresses the fact that the scope of the subject extends much further. This is a written expression.
（１）今はただ、息子の無事を祈るのみです。
（２）心配なのは、ただ、そのことのみです。
（３）ただ文句を言うばかりでは、何も解決されません。
（４）彼はただ勇敢であるのみならず、優しい心の持ち主でもあった。
（５）彼女の作品には、女性のみならず、男性のフーンも多い。
（６）今や彼女の活動範囲は、国内のみならず、海外にも広がっている。
勇敢・ゆうかん・
（ただ）～のみならず＝ただ～だけでなく
The first two expressions mean "just/only~" and that there is nothing else involved. They are used to emphasise a situation where all the focus is on one point only.
The third expression means "not only~" and expresses the fact that the scope of the subject extends much further. This is a written expression.
（１）今はただ、息子の無事を祈るのみです。
（２）心配なのは、ただ、そのことのみです。
（３）ただ文句を言うばかりでは、何も解決されません。
（４）彼はただ勇敢であるのみならず、優しい心の持ち主でもあった。
（５）彼女の作品には、女性のみならず、男性のフーンも多い。
（６）今や彼女の活動範囲は、国内のみならず、海外にも広がっている。
勇敢・ゆうかん・
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