Section 31 - complex sentences 1

Complex sentences

Conditions
Within complex sentences there are those that where between the earlier clause and the latter clause a cause and effect relationship exists. A cause and effect relationship is a relationship where the occurrence of the latter clause depends on whether or not the prior clause occurs.

Hypothetical conditions - these are relationships where the truth or falsehood of the prior condition is not confirmed - e.g. If you go to Tokyo...


Anti-factual conditions - These are relationships where the condition has not actually been met, matter has not occurred but if it did then... e.g. If I had wings... If I was him...

Confirmed conditions - these are relationships where the first condition will certainly be met - e.g. when it becomes ten o'clock.

Factual conditions - these are cases where the factual conditions in the following sentence have actually been realised.

Reason and purpose
Within complex sentences explaining cause and effect there are cases where the matters in the earlier sentence have already been realised. These are reasons but may also be reasons for some matters, or basis for some judgement. There are various expressions for such reasons and also items that resemble reasons, i.e. purposes, are also considered in section 31. For example:

Basic expressions to mark reasons - kara, node, tame ni, okage de, sei de, bakari ni

Expressions for reasons that include kara and related expressions - kara koso, kara to itte, kara (ni) ha, ijou (ha), ue (ha), no dakara, mono dakara

Other expressions to mark reasons - dakeatte, dake ni, mono, to atte

Expressions of purpose - tameni, youni, tameniha, youto, beku

Paradoxes (gyakusetsu), comparisons
Causal relationships where the relationship is not what would be expected from social norms etc also exist. These are called "gyakusetsu".

Gyakusetsu can be split into three large groups - the keredo group, the noni group and the temo group as below

Kedo group - the prior and the following sentences can be aligned objectively, and in fact rather than being gyakustesu they are closer in nature to comparison.

Noni group - in these cases the matters that can be foreseen from the first sentence and the actual matters in the second sentence do not agree at all, so these have the most paradoxical nature of the three groups.

Temo group - in this case even though the conditions in the prior clause is met, the matters in the second clause are still not met. These expressions have the nature of hypothetical clauses.

Part 32 of the book considers gyakusetsu but also considers the similar concept of comparison. Expressions classified in this part are as follows:

kedo group - kedo, keredomo, ga, monono, tohaie, noga, wariniha, nishiteha, to omottara, to omoikyam tsutsu (mo), ni hanshite, ni hikikae

comparative forms - hanmen, oppou (de), no ni taishte, to chigatte, touttekawatte, ni hikikae

noni group - noni, nimo kakarawazu, kuse ni, tokoro wo, mono wo, no wo, nagara (mo), toiedomo, mo kamawazu

temo group - temo, (yo)uga-maiga, niseyo/nishiro, ta tokoro de, [ni/to]shitemo, ni shitatte, de are

Commonly occuring and correlative relationships
Here the following sorts of relationships are dealt with

(1) te
(2) naide, nakute, zuni, zu, naku
(3) expressions that show one action occuring along with another action - nagara, tsutsu, tsuide ni, katawara, gatera, katagata
(4) expressions which show with one action taking place, in addition a further separate action takes place - dake denaku, bakari denaku, bakari ka, nomi narazu, ni todomarazu
(5) expressions which show along with the development of one action, another action also develops (a correlative relationship) - ba-hodo, ni tsurete, ni shitagatte, ni tomonatte, totomo ni

Time expressions
Here we look at a number of time expressions

(1) Expressions that show that at the time that one matter occurs, another matter also occurs - toki (ni), sai (ni), ori(ni), aida (ni), uchi (ni), saichuuni

(2) Expressions that emphasise that two matters occur (almost) at the same time - to douji ni, ta (ka) to omou to, gahayaika, yainaya, nari, ka-naika no uchi ni, tatotan (ni), shidai, sobakara

(3) Expressions that show that one matter occurs after another matter - te kara, te hajemete, te kara denai to, ta ue de, te irai, tekara to iumono.